Infrared and Raman

预测红外拉曼光谱

Infrared and Raman

红外拉曼光谱

Infrared(IR)和(non-resnonant)Raman spectra [红外、拉曼光谱]的预测在计算化学中是一项简单问题。 使用ORCA预测苯的基本频率和振动强度

由于苯的对称性,选择规则预测这些波段是相互排斥的。

A2u and E1u modes being the most IR active (B1u,B2u and E2u modes are less intense), while the A1g, E1g and E2g are Raman active.

Predicting infrared spectra

预测红外光谱

在做完几何优化之后,你可以对任何分子运行频率计算来获得红外光谱

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!BP86 DEF2-SVP OPT FREQ
* xyzFILE 0 1 ben_D6h.xyz
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#ben_D6h.xyz
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H -1.242909 -2.152782 0.000000
C -0.695566 -1.204756 0.000000
C 0.695566 -1.204756 0.000000
H 1.242909 -2.152782 0.000000
C 1.391133 0.000000 0.000000
H 2.485819 0.000000 0.000000
C 0.695566 1.204756 0.000000
H 1.242909 2.152782 0.000000
C -0.695566 1.204756 0.000000
H -1.242909 2.152782 0.000000
C -1.391133 0.000000 0.000000
H -2.485819 0.000000 0.000000

或者 对于没法使用解析Hessian,可以使用!NUMFREQ

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!B2PLYP DEF2-SVP OPT NUMFREQ
* xyzFILE 0 1 ben_D6h.xyz

振动频率将会打印

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-----------------------
VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES
-----------------------

Scaling factor for frequencies = 1.000000000 (already applied!)

0: 0.00 cm**-1
1: 0.00 cm**-1
2: 0.00 cm**-1
3: 0.00 cm**-1
4: 0.00 cm**-1
5: 0.00 cm**-1
6: 401.59 cm**-1
7: 401.64 cm**-1
8: 600.33 cm**-1
9: 600.37 cm**-1
[...]

紧接着是振动模式和红外光谱

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-----------
IR SPECTRUM
-----------

Mode freq eps Int T**2 TX TY TZ
cm**-1 L/(mol*cm) km/mol a.u.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
6: 401.59 0.000000 0.00 0.000000 (-0.000000 -0.000000 -0.000088)
7: 401.64 0.000000 0.00 0.000000 (-0.000000 0.000000 0.000000)
8: 600.33 0.000000 0.00 0.000000 (-0.000000 -0.000000 -0.000000)
9: 600.37 0.000000 0.00 0.000000 (-0.000000 0.000000 -0.000000)
10: 668.72 0.016625 84.02 0.007758 ( 0.000000 -0.000000 -0.088082)
[...]

其中计算IR强度所需的偶极导数(dipole derivatives)在每个频率之后打印

绘制红外光谱

IR光谱可以使用Avogadro获得,只需要保存输出文件并点击show Spectra..打开新窗口绘制光谱图 默认情况下,只打印对应于每个频率的细线。为了使预测光谱更加像实验值,需要对谱线进行加宽。可以通过点击Advanced>>——>Infrared Spectra Settings——>Peak Width 设置为30 cm-1

Visualizing modes

可视化

为了更好地判断红外峰,可以在Avogadro主窗口点击对应频率,然后点击Start Animation制作位移movie 作为例子,如果选择了668cm-1 ,A2u红外振动频率,这个峰对应于平面外地C-H弯曲 对称性破坏会在苯分子中产生一个临时偶极子,并允许红外跃迁的强度。

此处必须特别包括线加宽,因为它与计算中未考虑的振动激发态和结构参数的寿命有关,并且可能因实验条件而异。 The line broadening must be included ad hoc here because it is related to the lifetimes of vibrational excited states and structural parameters that were not accounted for in the calculation and might vary depending on the experimental conditions.

请注意,我们仅预测基本转换,因此不包括泛音和组合带! Be aware that we are predicting only fundamental transitions, so no overtones and combination bands are included!

Mode Experiment Predicted
E2u Ring deform 410 401
A2u C-H bend 673 668
B1u Ring deform 1010 961
E1u C-H bend 1038 1031
B2u C-H bend 1150 1130
E1u C=C str 1486 1462
B1u C-H str 3068 3092
E1u C-H str 3063 3116

Predicting Raman spectra

预测拉曼光谱 相同的,可以预测由基本跃迁组成的非共振拉曼光谱。 主要的不同是__极化率的导数必须以数值方式计算__,所以必须使用!NUMFREQ关键词,并且需要添加关键词%ELPROP来计算极化率

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!BP86 DEF2-SVP NUMFREQ
%ELPROP
POLAR 1
END
* xyzFILE 0 1 ben_optimized.xyz

POLAR 1表示极化率通过求解CP-SCF方程以解析方式计算极化率 然而,这个选项只适合常规DFT和HF。 对于其他的方法,POLAR 2可被用来直接从偶极矩导数计算极化率

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--------------
RAMAN SPECTRUM
--------------

Mode freq (cm**-1) Activity Depolarization
-------------------------------------------------------------------
6: 402.42 0.000000 0.333796
7: 402.52 0.000000 0.697141
8: 599.57 3.620435 0.750000
9: 600.01 3.689274 0.749930
10: 668.85 0.000000 0.345574
11: 711.92 0.000001 0.749987
12: 838.57 2.715404 0.750000
[...]

必须指出的是,拉曼强度比红外光谱更加复杂,更加依赖于实验设置。这就是称之为Raman Activity

Plotting the Raman spectrum

Again using Avogadro, one can easily generate the spectrum by opening the output file, clicking on "Show Spectra ..." and then selecting "Raman" on the drop down menu on the left.

The "Raman Settings" tab now contains the options to shift frequencies and define a line width.

Again, we can compile a table comparing the calculated and experimental values for the Raman fundamentals:

Mode Experiment Predicted
E2gE2g Ring deform 606 599
E1gE1g C-H bend 849 838
A1gA1g Ring str 992 994
E2gE2g C-H bend 1178 1151
A2gA2g C-H bend 1326 1317
E2gE2g Ring str 1606/1585 1602
E2gE2g C-H str 3047 3099/3102
A1gA1g C-H str 3062 3124

Scaling frequencies

频率缩放 注意输出信息中在frequency values之前的Scaling factorfor frequencies. Scaling factor乘以所有频率用于纠正理论错误。它可以通过关键词%FREQ SCALFREQ设置

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!BP86 DEF2-SVP FREQ
%FREQ
SCALFREQ 0.9956
END
* xyzFILE 0 1 ben_optimized.xyz

例如,这里我们使用了先前参考中 BP86/DEF2-SVP 的建议值,该值实际上非常接近 1.0,并且应该给出 ± 37cm-137cm-1 的误差。

If one is using Avogadro, these scaling factor can be added later by setting the "Scale Factor" on the "Infrared Spectra Settings" tab shown before. Negative frequencies mean that your system is not in real minimum! Please check the Removing negative frequencies section for more info on that.